El Supremo confrima que determinadas deudas comerciales entre empresas prescriben a los 3 años
Una reciente sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de España ha clarificado el régimen de prescripción aplicable a determinadas reclamaciones de facturas entre empresas, es decir, la extinción de la posibilidad de ejercitar el derecho a reclamar una deuda ante los tribunales cuando transcurre el plazo legal previsto sin que el acreedor realice las actuaciones necesarias para su reclamación.
La resolución concluye que resulta de aplicación el plazo de tres años previsto en el artículo 1967.4 del Código Civil para las acciones dirigidas a reclamar el precio de bienes vendidos por empresarios a otros empresarios que desarrollen una actividad distinta, descartando la aplicación del plazo general del artículo 1964 del mismo texto legal.
La sentencia recuerda que, cuando el supuesto encaja en el ámbito específico del artículo 1967.4 del Código Civil, este plazo especial prevalece sobre el régimen general. Asimismo, analiza los artículos 325 y 326 del Código de Comercio para determinar la naturaleza de la operación y delimitar el tratamiento jurídico de este tipo de reclamaciones empresariales.
Exposure varies sharply by sector, reflecting structural differences in operating models:
- Construction and trade face elevated risk due to heavy reliance on trade credit, long payment cycles, and complex supply chains that constrain liquidity
- Manufacturing shows early deterioration, with rising overdue invoices and bad debts linked to demand volatility and supply chain disruption
- Services remain comparatively stable but cautious, reflecting sensitivity to broader economic slowdown rather than immediate liquidity shocks
Company size reinforces the divide. Larger firms sustain stronger payment performance through better financing access and diversified customer bases. Smaller firms face greater exposure to delayed payments and tighten terms to protect liquidity, limiting flexibility and increasing vulnerability to shocks.
This strain is already visible in payment behaviour. Survey data shows a recent rise in late payments, with over 80% of suppliers affected, highlighting the weakening in payment discipline. This trend is primarily driven by customer cash flow stress, which reduces liquidity, weakens cash flow planning and increases reliance on external funding. In response, many firms delay their own payments, transmitting pressure across supply chains and amplifying second order risk beyond the original point of stress.
Business sentiment points to continued uncertainty for the future, says Ungaro:
Companies are almost evenly split between expecting payment conditions to improve or deteriorate in the months ahead, highlighting an uncertain outlook even as underlying risks continue to build.
This regional view reflects patterns observed across Asia’s key trade markets, while underlying risk varies significantly at country and sector level.
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- Stability across Asia is masking a widening gap between stronger companies and businesses under growing financial strain
- Exposure to credit risk varies significantly by sector and company size